CCL19 and neoplasm: For instance, in mouse lung and colorectal models, intratumoral injection of CCL19 protein directly was shown to result in increased DCs as well as CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the TME, promote enhanced secretion of proinflammatory factors, such as chemokines CXCL9 and CXCL10, as well as cytokines IL‐12, granulocyte‐macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM‐CSF), and IFN‐γ, and decrease levels of immunosuppressive molecules prostaglandin E2 and transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β); ultimately retarding tumor growth.210, 211