The increased expression of BAK1, MKK1/2, MKS1, MPK, MPK3/6, ACS6, WRKY TF, PR1, and FRK1 (Fig. 4) in NOWP and/or NOWS proposes that N. indicum responds to witches’ broom infection by both the early and late defense responses. This evidence concerns the gene MKS1 and infection.