Interestingly our results in PD patients are consistent with the role of autoimmunity and RAS in PD progression, as we observed a significant increase of these autoantibodies in the PD cohort, and the used logistic model indicated that both immunosuppressive treatments and ACE inhibitors significantly decreased the probability of PD diagnosis, which is consistent with other recent studies also showing a negative association between the use of these drugs and risk of PD diagnosis53,54. Here, ACE is linked to Parkinson disease.