Although anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 therapies are effective in preventing the activation of T cell inhibitory signaling induced mainly by tumor PD-L148, theoretically, anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 therapy cannot improve the immunosuppressive TME, in which TGF-β has a pivotal function. Here, PDCD1 is linked to neoplasm.