PPARGC1A and cancer: To date, studies targeting PGC-1α are equivocal, with some demonstrating PGC-1α overexpression is sufficient to protect muscle cross-sectional area or muscle mass with other models of atrophy previously mentioned, including disuse and denervation-induced atrophy (Sandri et al. 2006; Cannavino et al. 2014, 2015; Kang and Ji 2016; Wang et al. 2017), while others observed no protections with disuse and cancer-induced atrophy (Brault et al. 2010; Wang et al. 2012; Rosa-Caldwell et al. 2020).