Immunotherapies for HCC include: (1) cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4), (2) PD-1 and its ligand PD-L1, which prevent T cells from recognizing and scavenging cancer cells137, and (3) combined immunotherapy (Figures 1 and 2). Here, CD274 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.