TP53 and infection: Bagchi et al. demonstrated that RV inhibits apoptosis in the host cell by activating the pro-survival PI3K/Akt pathway early in infection, and later demonstrated that early in infection, NSP1 targets p53, the classic cell stress-responsive tumor suppressor, for ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation through a PI3K-independent mechanism (64, 65).