CS and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Furthermore, Liu et al. [42] investigated the mechanism by which omega-3 PUFA influences the TCA cycle in obesity; they discovered that PUFA may alleviate obesity by affecting mitochondrial function and restoring TCA cycle homeostasis, specifically the transcription and translation of TCA cycle enzymes such as citrate synthase, succinate dehydrogenase subunits A (SDHA), fumarate hydratase, and malate dehydrogenase 2 (MDH2) in HepG2 cells.