ESR1 and cancer: After feature selection and adjusting for known prognostic characteristics, including tumor subtype, stage and age (Methods), TmS was independently significantly associated with survival outcomes in all evaluable cancer types, except for estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast carcinoma (Fig. 4h, Extended Data Fig. 7b–o, Supplementary Table 5 and Supplementary Notes 3.1 and 3.2).