Based on these clinical observations and our previous preclinical studies identifying ASR pathways linking mitogen activated ser/thr kinase (MNK), X-linked inhibitor of anti-apoptotic protein (XIAP), and nuclear transcription factor (NFκB)-mediated proliferative, invasive, and immunosuppressive breast tumor phenotype27,30,46, the present study investigated the expression of these ASR gene sets in TCGA breast cancer samples to identify differentially expressed genes in the PAM50 subtypes and for which there are observed disparities, between AA and W breast cancer patients. Here, ATP7A is linked to breast carcinoma.