We identified 7 such genes: CAMK2N1, MNX1, HOXC10, HOXC11, ADCY5, ANKRD22 and HOTAIR. All showed a distribution of expression values that were lower in the NOT Pure DCIS samples as compared to Pure DCIS (Fig. 6a). Here, CAMK2N1 is linked to ductal breast carcinoma in situ.