TNF and infectious disease: It has been well established that TNF-α plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases, inflammatory processes, and malignant tumors.78 Increasing studies have shown that elevated circulating levels of TNF-α are positively associated with disease severity and death of COVID-19 patients.79–81 A recent study displayed that co-treatment of TNF-α and IFN-γ could substantially induce cell death, including apoptosis in PMA-differentiated macrophage-like THP-1 cells.82 Thus, targeting TNF-α and its receptor is a promising therapy for SARS-CoV-2 infection.