Of these axes, a previous study demonstrated that the CCL2-CCR2 axis can induce immune evasion via PD-1 signalling and the blockade of this axis can enhance the antitumor efficacy of CD8 T cells in esophageal carcinogenesis.37 Anlotinib can induce CCL2 decreases and improve the survival of refractory advanced nonsmall cell lung cancer patients,44 suggesting that patients with high CCL2 expression level may benefit from this drug. This evidence concerns the gene CD8A and lung cancer.