It is reported that the abundance of T cell infiltration in the TME varies remarkably in PDAC patients.19 CD8+ cytotoxic T cells or tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes are associated with favorable survival in PDAC.20,21 M2 phenotype of macrophages is a suppressor of anti-tumor immunity in the TME.22 PDAC patients with a higher abundance of M2-like macrophages experienced adverse OS outcomes.23 In this study, the PDAC patients in the high-risk group had a lower fraction of CD8+ T cells and higher M2-like macrophages than those in the low-risk group. Here, CD8A is linked to neoplasm.