TNF and Alzheimer disease: To investigate the anti-AD effect of DHG on pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines production upon TNF-α/IFN-γ co-stimulation, HaCaT cells were pretreated with DHG for 3 h followed by TNF-α/IFN-γ for 24 h and the supernatant was collected for cytokine level measurement by ELISA (Figures 7A–D).