IFNA1 and Stroke: Innate immune signalling triggered by TLRs is known to mediate adaptive Type I IFN transcriptional responses that lead to resilience to stroke in mice, rats, and non-human primates.4,5,7–12,14 Recent studies from our lab have built on these important observations to demonstrate that tilorone, the first oral antiviral interferon-inducing agent, can precondition the brain against stroke.19 Tilorone is a DNA intercalator;33–37 therefore, we hypothesized that it triggers protective IFN responses by its ability to stabilize cytosolic DNA.