TGFB1 and cancer: TGF-β signaling is a known inducer of EMT and metastasis in cancer, including melanoma (Hao, Baker and Dijke, 2019; Tuncer et al., 2019; Kim et al., 2020) and has been associated with a cellular stress response and metabolic reprogramming (Jiang et al., 2014; Krstić et al., 2015).