SPP1 and hepatocellular carcinoma: The above results revealed that S100A9, CBX2, STC2, G6PD, and PFN2 had a higher frequency of gain-of-function mutations in HCC, while CDCA8, NEIL3, IL15RA, SPP1, and KLRB1 had a higher frequency of loss-of-function mutations (Figures 10A, B).