In RA, fibroblast-like synovial cells (FLS) and immune effector cells, such as monocytes/macrophages, and T cells secrete IL-1β and TNF-α, which have a series of pathological effects, including synovial cell proliferation, massive infiltration of inflammatory cells, pannus formation, and cartilage and bone tissue destruction (138). The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is rheumatoid arthritis.