Similarly, overexpression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 induced a widespread activation of microglia and astrocytes with enhanced phagocytic capability, resulting in effective clearance of Aβ plaques in the hippocampus of AD mice (Chakrabarty et al., 2010b,2011; Matousek et al., 2012; Rivera-Escalera et al., 2014, 2019). Here, IL1B is linked to Alzheimer disease.