Molecular patterns (PAMPs), including lipopolysaccharides (LPS), lipoteichoic acid, DNA or RNA fragments, flagellin and mannan, as part of the infection, are detected by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) displayed on the membranes of the immune cells.10 This signal activates leukocyte activation and the development of both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and infection.