Furthermore, the four chemokines-CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, and CCL5-were identified not only as the driver genes initiating and maintaining the immune hot subtype of HNSCC, but also the nodes connecting TAM (macrophage M1), CD4, and CD8 T cells together. Here, CCL5 is linked to head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.