VEGFA and neoplasm: As shown in previous studies, the VEGF-PIK3/AKT pathway activated by CCL5 promoted tumor metastasis by stimulating angiogenesis and ECM remodeling (Karnoub et al., 2007; Wang et al., 2012), and the robust expression of CXCL10 also enhanced gastric cancer invasion and metastasis by binding the receptor CXCR3A (Yang et al., 2016).