miR-34a is reduced in the large EVs released by CHB or HCC cells, resulting in increased levels of mRNA and protein in c-Mets in surrounding cells, promoting phosphorylation of c-Met-induced extracellular signal- regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), thereby facilitating CHB conversion to HCC (139, 140). The gene discussed is MAPK3; the disease is hepatocellular carcinoma.