TNF and neoplasm: For example, it is reported that intra-tumor salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium can colonize into tumor by vascular disruption and increase tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) secretion.132 Besides, intratumoral bacterial lipopolysaccharide, lipoteichoic acid, and 16S rRNA/DNA may modulate immune cells of the TME to influence anti-cancer effects.33 Third, the potential roles of microbial DNA circulating in peripheral blood or extracellular vesicles remain undiscovered.