Activator protein-1 (AP-1) is increased in a mutant SOD1-G93A transgenic mouse model [185] and Fos-B protein accumulate abnormally in the motor neurons of sporadic ALS autopsy samples [181]; thus, dual leucine zipper kinase, the upstream signal protein for c-Jun (another AP-1 family member), and AP-1 family might become a common therapeutic target in ALS [185]. Here, FOSB is linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.