REN and atherosclerosis: The imbalance between renin and angiotensin II can lead to a large number of chronic and acute diseases [64, 65], and plaque formation induced by angiotensin II in the early stage is one of the most important effects of RAAS on atherosclerosis [66], while under pathological conditions, RAAS also contributes directly or indirectly to the development of atherosclerosis and its various complications through its effects on other systems [67].