Currently, multiple treatment options are available for RA patients, including conventional synthetic (cs) disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs; e.g. methotrexate [MTX] and leflunomide), targeted synthetic DMARDs (mainly JAK inhibitors, such as tofacitinib and baricitinib), tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-inhibiting biologics (e.g. adalimumab and etanercept) and non-TNF-inhibiting biologics (e.g. abatacept and rituximab) [3]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and rheumatoid arthritis.