These results mirror previous findings from our group,22 demonstrating that YST-OVH expressing hPD-1 blockers (hPD-1scFv) was able to significantly enhance systemic antitumor immunity, an effect that was associated with the expansion and enhancement of the effector and memory functions of tumor-infiltrating CD8+ lymphocytes, and a reduction in exhausted PD-1hi CTLA-4+ TIM-3+ CD8+ lymphocytes. The gene discussed is CTLA4; the disease is neoplasm.