One previous study showed tumor reduction and prolonged tumor-free survival using the VRP-TRP2 vaccine in combination with either antagonist anti-CTLA-4 or agonist anti-GITR immunomodulatory mAb in a melanoma model (54).While checkpoint inhibitor is one of the options for developing new immune therapies, another future strategy may be to administer VRP vaccines in the context of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT), which still is an important treatment for hematolymphoid malignancies. This evidence concerns the gene TNFRSF18 and neoplasm.