TWIST1 and cancer: The triggering of certain signaling pathways [e.g., P13K/Akt (21), MAPK and TGF-β (22), hypoxia, WNT, Notch (16)], the expressions of miRNAs [e.g., miR-10b, miR-210, miR-577, miR-1207-5p, miR-5188 (23), miR‐103/107, miR‐9, miR‐181a (24)], and EMT transcription factors [e.g., Prrx1, Snail1/2, Twist1, ZEB1/2 (16, 24)] initiate the cancer cell modification from epithelial to mesenchymal phenotype.