The immunological hallmark of AD is characterized by a predominant expression of Th2-inflammatory cytokines (i.e., IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13) in the acute phase followed by a prolonged activation of Th1-type cytokines (i.e., IFN-γ and TNF-α) in the chronic phase of AD (Brunner et al., 2017; Choi et al., 2014b). Here, TNF is linked to Alzheimer disease.