TNF and neoplasm: The presence of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) in the tumor microenvironment induces myelopoiesis, erythropoiesis and causes peripheral changes in the white blood cell count such as neutrophilia; these neutrophilia can suppress the cytolytic activity of lymphocytes, activated T cells, and natural killer cells [25].