As already mentioned, the expression of several ion channels is altered in the Fmr1 KO cortex via both canonical translation regulation and non-canonical protein interactions, which lead to abnormal excitability (See sections titled “Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein—more than just a translational regulator” and “Abnormal excitability as a neural signature for FXS”). Here, FMR1 is linked to fragile X syndrome.