Mouse studies have explored local intrahepatic chronic inflammatory responses in hepatocarcinogenesis in the context of NASH, finding that TNF derived from inflammatory liver macrophages is crucial in the development of NASH and steatohepatitic HCC in major urinary protein (MUP)-urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) [62]. Here, TNF is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.