Additionally, the take up of these exosomes by pancreatic cancer cells also induces an increase in Snail and miR-146a expression, which leads to upregulation of CXCR4 gene expression, stimulation of NF-κB and Akt and upregulation of cancer stem cell markers, ultimately leading to enhanced chemoresistance, metastasis and cancer cell growth. This evidence concerns the gene CXCR4 and cancer.