This decrease in AMPK activity has been attributed to increased serum levels of inflammatory cytokines, including interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and TNF-α, in PAH patients, demonstrating that inflammatory cytokines impair EC function and phenotype in PAH; however, AMPK activation has been shown to mitigate HPH [144]. This evidence concerns the gene IFNG and pulmonary arterial hypertension.