TNF and ischemia: Li et al. [64] showed that the following ischemia and after 3 h of reperfusion, the inflamed monocytes secreting IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-12, and expressing C–C motif chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) and C-X3-C motif chemokine receptor 1 (CX3CR1) appeared in injured kidneys.