In a separate study, scientists found that NSP5 caused a significantly increased expression of cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-2, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in a non-small-cell lung cancer cell line Calu-3 and a monocyte cell line THP1. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and non-small cell lung carcinoma.