MSTN and chronic kidney disease: Specifically, expression levels of miRNA-486 (inactivates phosphatase and tensin homolog [PTEN] and FoxO) [73], miRNA-26a (inhibits FoxO and PTEN), [74] miRNA-23a (suppresses PTEN, MuRF-1, and atrogin-1) [72], and miRNA-27a (inhibits FoxO and reduces myostatin levels) [72] are found to be substantially decreased in CKD, leading to enhanced protein degradation.