In a study of 191 patients with LARC, macrophage-associated biomarkers CD163, CD68, macrophage colony-stimulating factor (MCSF) and C-C chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) in pre-nCRT and post-surgery tumor tissue were found to be higher in patients who were associated with a poorer response to nCRT and lower in patients with a complete pathological response [100]. This evidence concerns the gene CSF1 and neoplasm.