Furthermore, the inhibitory effects of penfluridol on mitochondrial biogenesis (Figure 4C) and cell proliferation (Figure 4D) were significantly attenuated in resveratrol-trained A549 cells compared with parental cells, suggesting that the SIRT1/PGC-1α axis is a critical target of penfluridol for mediating suppression of mitochondrial biogenesis and cell growth in NSCLC cells. This evidence concerns the gene PPARGC1A and non-small cell lung carcinoma.