TGFβ can also induce EMT-associated transcription factors via SMAD-independent mechanisms such as MAPK, PI3K/AKT, and NF-κB signaling, as observed in in vitro models of murine mammary epithelial cells, human cervical carcinoma cells, human breast cancer cells, human kidney cells, and human salivary gland epithelial cells [118,119,120,121]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to breast cancer.