These include (i) a direct transcriptional effect of oestrogens on target genes via activation of the oestrogen receptor-α leading to the transcription of several genes which stimulate cell proliferation and thus an increased risk of mutations, (ii) promotion of tumour progression through influencing of signalling pathways leading to the activation of epidermal growth factor receptor, and (iii) generation of free radicals from the metabolic activation of catechol oestrogens causing neoplastic transformation of cells [115]. This evidence concerns the gene EGFR and neoplasm.