GVAX pancreas, an irradiated allogeneic whole pancreatic tumor cell vaccine programmed to express granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), combined with cyclophosphamide and CRS-207, live-attenuated Listeria monocytogenes-expressing mesothelin, showed a median OS of 9.7 months in a cohort of 90 patients with previously treated mPDAC, a result seemingly better than historical OS achievable with chemotherapy [89]. Here, CSF2 is linked to pancreatic neoplasm.