OAS3 and carcinoma: Among those associated with the IRDS [34], we confirmed that MUC1-C is necessary for expression of (i) IRF7, which amplifies constitutive IRF3 activation and the synthesis of type I IFNs [35,36], (ii) oligoadenylate synthase (OAS) 1 and OAS3 that sense viral dsRNAs and synthesize 2′-5′-linked oligoadenylates [28,37], (iii) IFIT1 and MX1 proteins that promote innate immunity and DNA damage resistance [27,38] and (iv) interferon-induced transmembrane 1 (IFITM1), which is overexpressed in carcinomas and contributes to therapeutic resistance [39] (Figure 4D).