MAPK3 and cardiac hypertrophy: Signaling pathways implicated in cardiac hypertrophy include Ca2+/Calcineurin (Cn)/nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) and Ca2+/Calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII), the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), comprising extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 and 5 (ERK1/2 and 5), p38 MAPK, c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK), and the janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT) [47,48,49].