IGF1 and injury: These changes may in turn be associated with life-long cognitive and behavioral consequences.3–10,51 Several other perinatal risk factors, including sex, focal brain injury, and SGA at birth, affect brain volumes in these vulnerable infants, with GA possibly the most prominent factor affecting both brain volumes and later outcome.52 In our study, the association between brain volumes and IGF-1 persisted when corrected for GA at birth and when infants with significant focal brain injury were removed or corrected for.