PPIB and neoplasm: It is enriched in the gut microbiota of CRC patients5 and promotes carcinogenesis through multiple mechanisms, including increasing tumour cell proliferation by upregulating miR-216, promoting carcinogenesis by modulating E-cadherin/β-catenin signalling and inducing Wnt/β-catenin7,8, inducing chemoresistance by modulating autophagy9, and protecting tumours from immune cell attack10.