NLRP3 and kidney disorder: The research on TLRs in kidney diseases has been reviewed elsewhere.286,287 In summary, TLRs (mainly TLR4 and TLR2) activation promotes resident renal cells injury, immune cells derived from bone marrow recruitment, and the expression of inflammatory factors such as MCP-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β in NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome signaling and MAPK signaling-dependent way.