IL9 and COVID-19: Alternatively, a strong innate immune response may serve to effectively combat the virus in these convalescent individuals, thus not necessitating a robust antibody response; Xu et al. measured cytokine, chemokine, and growth factor levels in COVID-19 patients with varying levels of disease severity and found that PDGF-BB, CCL5/RANTES, IL-9, TNF-β, and CCL4/MIP-1β are upregulated to higher levels in mild than severe and/or fatal COVID-19 patients [25].